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NO.56 Manufacturers of household appliances are still urging the public to purchase food processors. The various manufacturers’ advertisements all point out that the prices of these appliances are now lower than ever and that each food processor comes with a lifetime service warranty. In addition, many manufacturers offer sizable rebates to customers who purchase food processors within a given time period. With these incentives, the advertisements contend, people can hardly afford not to purchase food processors.
Which answer choice is a logically prior issue that the manufacturers’ advertisements fail to address?

Whether the cost of repairs to the food processors over the years will cancel out the savings currently being offered

Whether potential customers have enough uses for food processors to justify purchasing them

Whether the heads of the companies manufacturing food processors own food processors themselves

Whether the food processors currently being advertised will be outdated within the next five years

Whether accessories and replacement parts will be readily available at retail outlets

NO.57 Meteorite explosions in the Earth’s atmosphere as large as the one that destroyed forests in Siberia, with approximately the force of a twelve-megaton nuclear blast, occur about once a century.
The response of highly automated systems controlled by complex computer programs to unexpected circumstances is unpredictable.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn, if the statements above are true, about a highly automated nuclear-missile defense system controlled by a complex computer program?

Within a century after its construction, the system would react inappropriately and might accidentally start a nuclear war.

The system would be destroyed if an explosion of a large meteorite occurred in the Earth’s atmosphere.

It would be impossible for the system to distinguish the explosion of a large meteorite from the explosion of a nuclear weapon.

Whether the system would respond inappropriately to the explosion of a large meteorite would depend on the location of the blast.

It is not certain what the system’s response to the explosion of a large meteorite would be, if its designers did not plan for such a contingency.

NO.58 Hardin argued that grazing land held in common (that is, open to any user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accrue to the individual, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with
433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common land was in better condition.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin’s claim, of the study described above?

Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and private land?

Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?

Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?

Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as prosperous as the users of the private land?

Were there any owners of herds who used only common land, and no private land, for grazing?

NO.59 Today, children whose parents are deemed incapable of caring for them are put into foster care. These children are moved into strangers’ homes, where they are cared for until their own parents can regain custody, which may not happen for years, if it happens at all. Although it means well, the current foster care program is so poorly funded, staffed, and managed that it cannot ensure the safety and wellbeing of the children in the system. The laudable idea behind foster care is that children will fare best if placed in a family setting until they can be reunited with their parents, even if it is a family of strangers. However, while in foster care, children typically get shuffled between many different foster homes, preventing them from developing long-term, supportive relationships with their foster families. Foster care placements can also force siblings to be separated, further isolating these vulnerable children. When a child is moved to a new foster home, he or she may also have to enroll in a new school, a disruptive process that has a negative impact on the child’s education. The bureaucracy that oversees this system is overwhelmed to the point that social workers are unable to adequately screen potential foster parents and keep accurate track of the children placed in foster care. There must be a better means of caring for these children. Perhaps it is time to consider creating special group homes as a means of providing these children with stable and safe environments.
A child could live in one group home for the duration of his or her time in foster care and be supervised by a team of social workers and other lay people. Children would receive proper meals and healthcare, attend the same school, and develop relationships with others experiencing the trauma of being separated from their parents. In addition, social workers and staff would have daily access to these children, enabling them to better determine if a child has a special physical or psychological need and arrange for the necessary services. Would this approach be perfect? No, but it would solve many of the problems that plague the current system. For some, the idea of a government agency housing, clothing, and feeding needy children may sound extreme, but it only suggests that we provide these children with the same basic necessities that we give to prison inmates.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author

was once in prison.

believes foster care parents are often too lenient.

was a foster child.

believes prison inmates are treated better than some children in foster care.

believes group homes are essentially prisons for children.

NO.60 The reference to the psychologists’ suggestion (see highlighted text) functions primarily to

justify the application of studies from the decision-heuristics literature to bottom-up selling

help explain the effectiveness of top-down selling

explain why there are some situations in which customers are unable to use rules of thumb in making buying decisions

demonstrate how the effectiveness of the bottom-up strategy is limited by the complexity of the information available to the customer

reinforce the assessment of bottom-up selling suggested by applying anchoring-and-adjustment theory

NO.61 If a committee of 3 men and 3 women is to be selected from a group of 7 men and 7 women, how many different committees are possible choices?

36

48

NO.62 One variety of partially biodegradable plastic beverage container is manufactured from small bits of plastic bound together by a degradable bonding agent such as cornstarch. Since only the bonding agent degrades, leaving the small bits of plastic, no less plastic refuse per container is produced when such containers are discarded than when comparable non-biodegradable containers are discarded.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?

Both partially biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastic beverage containers can be crushed completely flat by refuse compactors.

The partially biodegradable plastic beverage containers are made with more plastic than comparable non-biodegradable ones in order to compensate for the weakening effect of the bounding agents.

Many consumers are ecology-minded and prefer to buy a product sold in the partially biodegradable plastic beverage containers rather than in non-biodegradable containers, even if the price is higher.

The manufacturing process for the partially biodegradable plastic beverage containers results in less plastic waste than the manufacturing process for non-biodegradable plastic beverage containers.

Technological problems with recycling currently prevent the reuse as food or beverage containers of the plastic from either type of plastic beverage container.

NO.63 Which of the following is the most likely reason that the author mentions the work o* the astronomers in 1998 (see highlighted text)?

To counter the common view among astronomers in 1998 that no planets orbited around HR 8799

To show that Earth based telescopes are generally more accurate than is the Hubble telescope

To help explain why scientists felt it necessary to archive the Hubble images of HR8799

To highlight the potential value that the new technique could have for Researchers

To emphasize mistakes researchers made in 1998 when examining the Hubble images of HR 8799

NO.64

Statement (1) ALONE Is sufficient, but statement (2) alone Is not sufficient

Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient but statement (1) atone is not sufficient.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.

EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.

Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient

NO.65 In a class of 21 students, how many scored above the class average (arithmetic mean) on the final exam?
(1) The class average Is 78.
(2) The dass median is 78.

Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) atone is not sufficient.

Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.

EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.

Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

NO.66 Common stocks, which are shares of ownership in a corporation, is the most direct way to participate in the fortunes of a company.

is the most direct way to participate in the fortunes of a company

is the most direct way for participating in the fortunes of a company.

is the most direct way of participating in the fortunes of a company.

are the most direct way to participate in the fortunes of a company.

are the most direct way for participating in the fortunes of a company.

NO.67 West River Glen is deciding which network architecture should replace its old copper telephone lines. The town will replace 300 miles of Outside Plant (OSP) cable that will serve approximately 2,500 homes.
The first option is to install a Fiber to the Home (FTTH) system architecture that uses fiber-optic cable to transmit signals from the source to each home. The advantages of this architecture include greater bandwidth capabilities, less signal loss, and slightly lower new-cable deployment costs than the second option. Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC).
An HFC network integrates fiber-optic cables and devices with coaxial cables.
This will cost the town substantially less money for internal equipment and for customer installations.
However, the coaxial cable does not last as long as fiberoptic cable and will thus need to be replaced more frequently, resulting in higher long-term maintenance expenses.
The town believes that either the FTTH or HFC architectures will be capable of serving the communities’ data and television needs for the next 30 years.
According to the information provided, which of the following attributes is an advantage of HFC network architecture as compared with FTTH architecture?

Lower new cable deployment costs

Lower maintenance expenses

Greater longevity of coaxial cable

95% lower internal equipment deployment costs

90% lower customer installation costs

NO.68 Ross: The profitability of Company X, restored to private ownership five years ago, is clear evidence that businesses will always fare better under private than under public ownership.
Julia: Wrong. A close look at the records shows that X has been profitable since the appointment of a first- class manager, which happened while X was still in the public sector.
Which of the following best describes the weak point in Ross’s claim on which Julia’s response focuses?

The evidence Ross cites comes from only a single observed case, that of Company X.

The profitability of Company X might be only temporary.

Ross’s statement leaves open the possibility that the cause he cites came after the effect he attributes to it.

No mention is made of companies that are partly government owned and partly privately owned.

No exact figures are given for the current profits of Company X.

NO.69 A pharmaceutical company developed a new diuretic reported to cause fewer side effects than their old diuretic, which was still being manufactured. During the first year that both were sold, the earlier medication far outsold the new one; the manufacturer thus concluded that reducing side effects was not the customers’ primary consideration.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the manufacturer’s conclusion?

Both hospitals and patients buy diuretics from this pharmaceutical company.

Many customers consider older medications a better safety risk than new ones, since more is usually known about the safety of the earlier drugs.

Many customers of this pharmaceutical company also bought medications from companies who did not produce new diuretics reported to cause fewer side effects.

The newer diuretic can be used by all the patients who could use the earlier diuretic.

There was no significant difference in price between the newer diuretic and the earlier diuretic.

NO.70 Parasitic wasps propagate by injecting their eggs into a caterpillar that then becomes paralyzed as the eggs inside develop into wasp larvae. The wasp larvae kill the caterpillar host as they feed on it, form cocoons, and finally develop into wasps. In attempting to discover how such wasps detect the presence of the caterpillar hosts that are so critical to the wasps’ propagation, researchers have uncovered an intriguing defense mechanism developed by the plants on which the caterpillars feed.
When chewed on, many plants release volatile compounds from both damaged and undamaged tissues. When these compounds are toxic to the insects that feed on the plants, they can help defend the plants from such attacks. However, the plants on which the wasps’ caterpillar hosts feed have evolved an even more complex defense: the caterpillar-infested plants appear to release volatile chemicals that attract parasitic wasps, which then prey on the caterpillars. Scientists originally suspected that the wasps were attracted by an odor, reminiscent of cut grass, that is released as the caterpillar feeds, but a recent study suggests that a different set of volatile attractants is involved. In this study, when researchers used a razor blade to mimic caterpillar damage on the leaves, only grassy odors were emitted, not the volatile compounds that attracted wasps.
However, when oral secretions from the caterpillars were applied to these damaged leaves, the leaves released the wasp attractants several hours later. Further tests revealed that oral secretions placed on the razor-damaged leaves stimulated the release of such attractants, making the plants as attractive to wasps as plants that had suffered actual caterpillar damage. These results suggest that chemicals from the caterpillar must be present for these attractants to be released and that unlike the grassy scent, which emanates only as the caterpillar feeds on the plant, the wasp attractants are produced several hours after the attack and persist for several hours, perhaps days. Researchers have launched additional studies to determine whether the wasps’ capacity to prey on caterpillars can be enhanced to the extent that the wasps could be used as a natural pesticide to “police” plants and protect them from crop-destroying caterpillars.
The author implies that if, in the experiment described in the second paragraph, the parasitic wasps had been drawn to the plants after they had been damaged by a razor blade but without application of oral secretions from the caterpillar, then scientists would likely have concluded which of the following?
Wasps are attracted to the plants by the grassy odor released as the caterpillars feed on the plants’ leaves.

Wasps are attracted to the plants by volatile compounds released by the caterpillars as they digest the plant leaves that they consume.

Wasps are attracted to the plants by volatile compounds released several hours after the caterpillars first begin consuming the plants’ leaves.

Wasps are attracted to the plants by volatile compounds released by the caterpillars rather than by odors created by the damage the caterpillars inflict on the plants’ leaves.

Wasps are more attracted to plants that have been infested by large numbers of caterpillars than to plants infested by relatively few caterpillars.

NO.71 A motorist passing through an unfamiliar city needs to fill her car’s fuel tank soon, well before she leaves the city, and needs to minimize her expenses. Nearby is the King Petrol station, offering the correct fuel for 2.OX) euros per liter. She has seen about one petrol station every 2 kilometers (km) of driving, on average, though distances vary. Prices at different petrol stations appear to vary randomly by up to 10%: roughly 2 km behind her in her journey she saw the correct fuel for 1.81 euros per liter. The fuel efficiency of her car under the current driving conditions is about 10 liters per 100 km. She could get a small amount of fuel at one station to allow her to drive to another station within the city.
On the basis of the information in the passage, select for Reason to stop the factor that most clearly provides a logical reason for the motorist to stop at the King Petrol station. And select for Reason not to stop the factor that most clearly provides a logical reason for the motorist not to stop at the King Petrol station. Make only two selections, one in each column.

NO.72

NO.73 Subjects asked to make which of the following predictions would be most likely to commit the fallacy discussed in the passage (if the claims of the passage are correct)?

Whether the next president of the United States will come from California, or be a rancher from Texas

Whether the next president of the United States will come from California, or be an actor who comes from California

Whether the next president of the United States will come from Texas, or be an actor who comes from California

Whether the next president of the United States will be an actor, or come from California

Whether the next president of the United States will be a rancher from Texas, or an actor from California

Explanation
Mathematical principles of probability entail that for any future event, the probability that it will occur Is at least as great as the probability that both it and some other given event will occur. Consider, for example, the following statements that were shown to subjects in a 1998 study.
X The percentage of adolescent smokers In Texas will decrease at least 15% from current levels by September
1, 1999.
Y The cigarette tax in Texas will increase by $1.00 per pack in 1999.
Z The cigarette tax in Texas will increase by $1.00 per pack in 1999, and the percentage of adolescent smokers in Texas will decrease at least 15% from current levels by September 1, 1999.
Z(“Kand X”) could not have been more probable than X. Nevertheless, many of the subjects judged Zto be more probable than X. This mistaken form of reasoning, displayed with surprising frequency in various studies in addition to the 1998 study, is known as the “conjunction fallacy.” A number of researchers have offered alternative explanations for the seeming manifestations of the mistake, thus arguing that the fallacy is less widely committed than the various studies would indicate. Some have claimed that research subjects can take “probability” in a sense that does not conform to the mathematical principles of probability. Detailed descriptions of some such conceptions of “probability” have been developed under the names of “confirmation” and “support.” Other researchers would claim, correctly, that subjects shown Z(” Kand X”) and ^simultaneously will sometimes think of Xas involving the negation of Y-as a claim that the percentage of adolescent smokers in Texas will decrease, but without the $1.00 increase in the cigarette tax.
However, although the subjects in the 1998 study were to consider Xand Z simultaneously, the statements were presented in terms of bets rather than explicit requests for judgments of relative probability. Subjects were asked to choose between Zand X, with a chance of winning $50.00 if the chosen statement turned out to be true. Terms such as “most probable,” “likely,” etc., were thus avoided, and the interpretation of X\n conjunction with the negation of Kwas thereby eliminated. And with these alternative explanations eliminated, many of the subjects nonetheless bet on Zrather than X:

NO.74

At 10-year intervals from 1950 through 2010, the graph shows the total number of passengers, in millions, on the railway system of Nation X. From each drop-down menu, select the option that creates the most accurate statement based on the information provided.

NO.75 In malaria-infested areas, many children tend to suffer several bouts of malaria before becoming immune to the disease. Clearly, what must be happening is that those children’s immune systems are only weakly stimulated by any single exposure to the malaria parasite and need to be challenged several times to produce an effective immune response.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanatory hypothesis?

Immediately after a child has suffered a bout of malaria, the child’s caregivers tend to go to great lengths in taking precautions to prevent another infection, but this level of attention is not sustained.

Malaria is spread from person to person by mosquitoes, and mosquitoes have become increasingly resistant to the pesticides used to control them.

A certain gene, if inherited by children from only one of their parents, can render those children largely immune to infection with malaria.

Anti malaria vaccines, of which several are in development, are all designed to work by stimulating the body’s immune system.

There are several distinct strains of malaria, and the body’s immune response to any one of them does not protect it against the others.

NO.76 The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called “historical costing.” Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year’s contractual price.
Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?

The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.

The rate of inflation has varied considerably over the past twenty years.

The contractual price will be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.

Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.

The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative weapons.

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