Practice Examples and Dumps & Tips for 2025 Latest 101-500 Valid Tests Dumps [Q89-Q106]

The mkdir command is used in a Linux environment to create a new directory. The mkdir command takes one or more arguments that specify the name and path of the directory to be created. For example, mkdir foo will create a directory named foo in the current working directory, while mkdir /home/bar will create a directory named bar in the /home directory. The mkdir command can also create multiple directories at once by using the -p option, which creates any missing parent directories along the path. For example, mkdir -p
/tmp/a/b/c will create the directories /tmp, /tmp/a, /tmp/a/b and /tmp/a/b/c if they do not exist already.
References:
* LPIC-1 Exam 101 Objectives, Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands, 103.3 Perform basic file management
* LPIC-1 Linux Administrator 101-500 Exam FAQ, LPIC-1 Exam 101 Objectives, GNU and Unix Commands (Total Weight: 25)

Explanation
The rpm command is used to install, upgrade, query, verify and remove RPM packages on Linux systems. The
-U option is used to upgrade an existing package to a newer version, or install a package if it does not exist in the RPM database. The -U option is equivalent to -e (erase) followed by -i (install). The other options are not valid for upgrading a package. The -q option is for querying a package, the -e option is for erasing a package, the –force option is for overriding conflicts, and the -u option is not a valid option for the rpm command.
References: Using RPM Command to Install, Upgrade and Remove Packages, Linux package management with YUM and RPM

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Explanation
The following commands are used to modify quota settings:
* B. setquota: This command is used to set disk quotas for users or groups on a filesystem. The setquota command requires the user or group name, the soft and hard limits for blocks and inodes, and the device name or mount point of the filesystem as arguments. For example, to set a quota for user sammy with a
* 100MB soft limit and a 110MB hard limit for blocks, and a 1000 soft limit and a 1100 hard limit for inodes on the /home filesystem, use the following command:
sudo setquota -u sammy 100M 110M 1000 1100 /home
* C. edquota: This command is used to edit disk quotas for users or groups on a filesystem. The edquota command opens an editor, such as nano or vi, with the current quota settings for the specified user or group. You can then modify the settings as you wish, and save and exit the editor to apply the changes.
For example, to edit the quota for user sammy on the /home filesystem, use the following command:
sudo edquota -u sammy
This will open an editor with the following content:
Disk quotas for user sammy (uid 1000): Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard /dev/vda1 40 0 0 13 0 0
/dev/vda2 1024 102400 112640 10 1000 1100
You can then change the values as you wish, and save and exit the editor to apply the changes.
The other options are not valid commands or options. The editquota and quotaedit commands do not exist on a standard Linux system. The quotaset command is a synonym for setquota, but it is not commonly used.
References:
* How to Configure/Setup Disk Quotas in Linux | 2DayGeek
* setquota(8): set disk quotas – Linux man page
* edquota(8): edit user/group quotas – Linux man page

0077

mtab

Explanation
A hard link is a directory entry that points to the same inode as another file. An inode is a data structure that stores the metadata and the location of the data blocks of a file. A hard link is not a separate file, but an additional name for an existing file. Therefore, the following statements are true for hard linked files:
* The hard linked files have the same permissions and owner. Since the hard linked files point to the same inode, they share the same attributes, such as the file type, the file size, the access permissions, the owner, the group, and the timestamps. Any changes made to one hard link will affect the other hard links as well. For example, if you change the permissions of one hard link, the other hard links will have the same permissions. You can use the stat command to view the attributes of a file or a hard link.
* The hard linked files share the same inode. This is the definition of a hard link. The inode number is a unique identifier for each file on a filesystem. The hard linked files have the same inode number, which means they point to the same data blocks on the disk. You can use the ls -i command to view the inode number of a file or a hard link.
* The hard linked files must be on the same filesystem. A hard link cannot cross different filesystems or partitions, because each filesystem has its own inode table. A hard link can only point to an inodethat exists on the same filesystem as the hard link. If you try to create a hard link to a file on a different filesystem, you will get an error message saying:
ln: failed to create hard link ‘link’ => ‘file’: Invalid cross-device link The other statements are not true for hard linked files, because:
* The output of stat will report hard instead of regular file. This is not true, because the stat command does not distinguish between a regular file and a hard link. The stat command will report the same file type for both the original file and the hard link, which is regular file. The only way to tell if a file is a hard link is to check the link count, which is the number of directory entries that point to the same inode. If the link count is more than one, it means there are hard links to the file. You can use the stat -c %h command to view the link count of a file or a hard link.
* The hard linked files are indicated by a -> when listed with ls -l. This is not true, because the -> symbol is used to indicate a symbolic link, not a hard link. A symbolic link, also known as a soft link, is a special type of file that contains a path to another file or directory. A symbolic link does not point to the same inode as the target file, but to the name of the target file. A symbolic link has its own inode number, file type, permissions, and timestamps, which can be different from the target file. You can use the ls -l command to view the file type, permissions, and name of a file or a symbolic link. A symbolic
* link will have the file type l and the name will be followed by a -> symbol and the path to the target file.
For example:
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 user user 9 Aug 29 15:10 link -> file
References:
* Hard links and soft links in Linux explained | Enable Sysadmin
* Hard Link in Linux: Everything Important You Need to Know
* A Brief Introduction to Hard and Soft Links in Linux – LinuxForDevices
* How to create links between files in the Linux? – Online Tutorials Library
* What is a hard link? – definition by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)

bus

Explanation
The correct command to change the quota for a specific user is edquota. This command allows you to edit the quota limits for a user, a group, or a file set. You can specify the name of the user that you want to edit the quotas for after the command. For example, to change the disk quota for user ‘linuxconfig’, you can use the following command:
sudo edquota -u linuxconfig
This command will open an editor with the current quota information for the user ‘linuxconfig’. You can modify the soft and hard limits for the block and inode usage as per your requirements. You can also use the -p option to copy the quota settings from another user. For example, to copy the quota settings from user
‘ramesh’ to user ‘linuxconfig’, you can use the following command:
sudo edquota -p ramesh -u linuxconfig
The other commands are not suitable for changing the quota for a specific user. The repquota command displays a summary of the current quota usage and limits for the users or groups. The quota -e command turns off the disk quota for the current user. The quota command shows the disk quota and usage for the current user or for the users specified on the command line. For more information on how to use disk quota on Linux, you can refer to the following articles:
* How to use disk quota on Linux with examples
* 5 Steps to Setup User and Group Disk Quota on UNIX / Linux

Explanation
The reserved space is a portion of the filesystem that is only accessible to the root user or users with sudo privileges. The reserved space serves two purposes: to prevent ordinary users from filling up the filesystem completely and crashing the system, and to reduce fragmentation by leaving some free space. The reserved space is set by default to 5% of the total filesystem size when the filesystem is created with the mkfs.ext4 command. This means that 5% of the blocks are reserved for the root user and are not counted as available space by the df command. The reserved space can be changed or disabled by using the tune2fs command with the -m option. For example, to change the reserved space to 1%, use the following command:
sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sdXY
where /dev/sdXY is the device name of the ext4 filesystem.
To disable the reserved space completely, use 0% instead of 1%. However, this is not recommended, as it may affect the performance and stability of the system, especially if the filesystem is almost full.
References:
* Reserved space for root on a filesystem – why?
* Linux : How to reduce the percentage of reserved blocks on ext4 filesystem
* tune2fs(8) – Linux manual page